The apostrophes in the answer choices indicate that we will most likely have to apply our knowledge of apostrophe rules to this question. The percentage in parentheses indicates the approximate portion of … Simply changing the name of the genitive does not change or eliminate any of its multiple functions. An apostrophe is used by some writers to form a plural for abbreviations, initials including acronyms, and symbols, especially where adding just s rather than 's may leave meaning ambiguous or presentation inelegant. Both sets also used this code point for a closing single quote. THE SKILL Now, this isn’t ground-breaking stuff; you probably learned how to use an apostrophe … Adrian Room, in his English Journal article "Axing the Apostrophe", argued that apostrophes are unnecessary, and context will resolve any ambiguity. The typewriter apostrophe has always been considered tolerable on Web pages because of the egalitarian nature of Web publishing, the low resolution of computer monitors in comparison to print, and legacy limitations provided by ASCII. (And why the Unicode committee is very wrong. In ASCII, it may be used to represent any of left single quotation mark, right single quotation mark, apostrophe, vertical line or prime (punctuation marks), or an acute accent (modifier letters). Where a business name is based on a family name it should in theory take an apostrophe, but many leave it out (contrast Sainsbury's with Harrods). We’ll apply these steps to 2 sample apostrophe questions from an ACT and SAT official practice test. With plural forms, the apostrophe follows the s, as with nouns: the others' husbands (but compare They all looked at each other's husbands, in which both each and other are singular). George Bernard Shaw, a proponent of English spelling reform on phonetic principles, argued that the apostrophe was mostly redundant. For example, in Dutch, the apostrophe is inserted before the s when pluralising most words ending in a vowel or y for example, baby's (English babies) and radio's (English radios). The apostrophe, or single quote, is a special character in SQL that specifies the beginning and end of string data. The modern spelling convention distinguishes possessive singular forms (Bernadette's, flower's, glass's, one's) from simple plural forms (Bernadettes, flowers, glasses, ones), and both of those from possessive plural forms (Bernadettes', flowers', glasses', ones'). Similar examples with x or z: Sauce Périgueux's main ingredient is truffle; His pince-nez's loss went unnoticed; "Verreaux('s) eagle, a large, predominantly black eagle, Aquila verreauxi,..." (OED, entry for "Verreaux", with silent x; see Verreaux's eagle); in each of these some writers might omit the added s. The same principles and residual uncertainties apply with "naturalised" English words, like Illinois and Arkansas.[38]. Modern Spanish no longer uses the apostrophe to indicate elision in standard writing, although it can sometimes be found in older poetry for that purpose. In Microsoft Word it is possible to turn smart quotes off (in some versions, by navigating through Tools, AutoCorrect, AutoFormat as you type, and then unchecking the appropriate option). For example, in the expressions "the school's headmaster", "the men's department", and "tomorrow's weather", the school does not own/possess the headmaster, men don't own/possess the department, and tomorrow does not/will not own the weather. For most singular nouns the ending 's is added; e.g., the cat's whiskers. Smart quote features also often fail to recognise situations when a prime rather than an apostrophe is needed; for example, incorrectly rendering the latitude 49° 53′ 08″ as 49° 53’ 08". An apostrophe's function as possessive or contractive can depend on the grammatical context: We rehearsed for Friday's opening night. [98] The Apostrophe Protection Society, founded by retired journalist John Richards in 2001, was brought to a full stop in 2019, Richards (then aged 96) accepting that "the ignorance and laziness present in modern times have won!".[99]. He did not use it for spelling cant, hes, etc., in many of his writings. Introduction to the possessive. [37], The English possessive of French nouns ending in a silent s, x, or z is addressed by various style guides. For example: Furthermore, an apostrophe may be used to indicate a glottal stop in transliterations. There is no such character in ISO 8859-1. With the invention of the typewriter, a "neutral" or "straight" shape quotation mark, ', was created to represent a number of different glyphs with a single keystroke: the apostrophe, both the opening and the closing single quotation marks, the single primes, and on some typewriters even the exclamation point (by backspacing and overprinting with a period). He wrote "in this continent [that] our people's (sic) share". on weblogs or free encyclopedias. "Cappon said that exclamation points are certainly not subtle; instead, they act … Sometimes a metaphorical epithet will be good to use, as in "lazy road," "tired landscape," "smirking billboards," "anxious apple." "The apostrophe has been dropped from most Australian place-names and street names: Spelled both with and without the apostrophe at, A search on www.multimpap.com for "St Johns Lane" in the UK, with or without apostrophe, finds the apostrophe omitted in 5 instances out of 25, Daniel Bunčić (Bonn), "The apostrophe: A neglected and misunderstood reading aid" at the, Merriam-Webster's Dictionary of English Usage, Intergovernmental Committee on Surveying and Mapping, Federated Ship Painters and Dockers Union, The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language, A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language, "The Unicode® Standard: Writing Systems and Punctuation § Apostrophes", US Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, The American Heritage Book of English Usage. This section is about Standard American English, but there's something here for everyone. Exceptions are accounted for in the same way: three months pregnant (in modern usage, one says neither pregnant of three months, nor one month(')s pregnant). Site Navigation. Many earlier (pre-1985) computer displays and printers rendered the ASCII apostrophe as a typographic apostrophe, and rendered the grave accent ` ('back tick',0x60, 96) as a matching left single quotation mark. Some languages, such as Perl, PHP, and many shell languages, treat single quoted strings as "raw" strings, while double quoted strings have expressions (such as "$variable") replaced with their values when interpreted. [115] Some earlier non-Microsoft browsers would display a '?' Support for the typographic apostrophe ( ’ ) was introduced in several 8-bit character encodings, such as the Apple Macintosh operating system's Mac Roman character set (in 1984), and later in the CP1252 encoding of Microsoft Windows. Practice: Three ways to end a sentence. Similarly, the prime symbol is the formal representation of a minute of arc (1/60 of a degree in geometry and geomatics), and double prime represents a second of arc (for example, 17°54'32" represents 17 degrees 54 minutes and 32 seconds). This case was called the genitive until the 18th century and (like the genitive case in other languages) in fact expresses much more than possession. Lewis Carroll made greater use of apostrophes, and frequently used sha'n't, with an apostrophe in place of the elided ll as well as the more usual o. The author and language commentator Anu Garg, in a humorous but well-argued discussion, has called for the abolition of the apostrophe, stating "Some day this world would be free of metastatic cancers, narcissistic con men, and the apostrophe. The apostrophe was first used by Pietro Bembo in his edition of De Aetna (1496). "the fox's fur") were usually spelled as today with a final "s". In many languages, especially European languages, the apostrophe is used to indicate the elision of one or more sounds, as in English. Some specific cases: For abbreviations, acronyms, etc., use of s without an apostrophe is now more common than its use with an apostrophe, but for single lowercase letters, pluralization with 's is usual.[69][70][71]. The marking of plurals of individual characters (e.g. The questions are in multiple-choice form. This dictionary also cites a study[10] that found that only 40% of the possessive forms were used to indicate actual possession.[11]. Feature Image Credit: xlibber . Truss comments that "the naming of Hear'Say in 2001 was [...] a significant milestone on the road to punctuation anarchy".[94]. In the Lisp family of programming languages, an apostrophe is shorthand for the quote operator. French practice. 450-1100)-language text, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2006, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Articles containing Japanese-language text, Articles containing Chinese-language text, Articles containing Catalan-language text, Articles containing Albanian-language text, Articles containing Afrikaans-language text, Articles containing Italian-language text, Articles containing Esperanto-language text, Articles containing Galician-language text, Articles containing Luganda-language text, Articles containing Norwegian-language text, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2018, Articles containing Portuguese-language text, Articles containing Swedish-language text, Articles containing Finnish-language text, Articles containing Guarani-language text, Articles containing Ukrainian-language text, Articles containing Karelian-language text, Articles containing Estonian-language text, Articles containing Turkish-language text, Articles containing Slovene-language text, Articles containing Swahili (macrolanguage)-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, The marking of the omission of one or more letters (as in the. [33] The 15th edition of The Chicago Manual of Style had recommended the traditional practice, which included providing for several exceptions to accommodate spoken usage such as the omission of the extra s after a polysyllabic word ending in a sibilant, but the 16th edition no longer recommends omitting the possessive "s".[34]. foo = 'He said "Bar!"';. Here are the most typical ones: Option 1 Copy and paste your whole short article, book or extracts of your composing for proofreading, examining and for a spell check. A spokesperson for Barclays PLC stated, "It has just disappeared over the years. It is often criticised as a form of hypercorrection coming from a widespread ignorance of the proper use of the apostrophe or of punctuation in general. [15], When a coordinate possessive construction has two personal pronouns, the normal possessive inflection is used, and there is no apostrophe (e.g. The British pop group Hear'Say famously made unconventional use of an apostrophe in its name. The English and Reading sections of the ACT test are two separate entities. The solution was to use an apostrophe after the plural s (as in girls' dresses). To form the singular possessive, simply add the apostrophe following the final “s” (class’ and grass’). Our free ACT English Practice Tests are each a selection of 10 to 12 questions, which will give you a cross-section of topics from the English section of the official ACT. [41] The United States Board on Geographic Names, which has responsibility for formal naming of municipalities and geographic features, has deprecated the use of possessive apostrophes since 1890 so as not to show ownership of the place. About. It was a common practice in the days of William Shakespeare to use inversions. If you know apostrophe rules, these questions should be relatively simple. A vocabulary list featuring Some Helpful Poetry Terms. For example: Rather than ʿ (modifier letter left half ring), the apostrophe is sometimes used to indicate a voiced pharyngeal fricative as it sounds and looks like the glottal stop to most English speakers. Barclays is no longer associated with the family name. In German an apostrophe is used almost exclusively to indicate omitted letters. Place names in the United States do not use the possessive apostrophe on federal maps and signs. 1 Other Punctuation: Semicolons, Colons, and Apostrophes Rules & Practice Exercises1 SEMICOLONS Rule 1: Use a semicolon to join main clauses. The British founder of the Apostrophe Protection Society earned a 2001 Ig Nobel prize for "efforts to protect, promote and defend the differences between plural and possessive". However, this was not universally accepted until the mid-19th century. Historical development. For example: Finally, in "scientific" transliteration of Cyrillic script, the apostrophe usually represents the soft sign ь, though in "ordinary" transliteration it is usually omitted. This means that to use it as part of your literal string data you need to escape the special character. Donate or volunteer today! For guidelines on apostrophe usage in Wikipedia, see, General principles for the possessive apostrophe, With other punctuation; compounds with pronouns, Singular nouns ending with an "s" or "z" sound, Superfluous apostrophes ("greengrocers' apostrophes"), As a mark of palatalization or non-palatalization, Typographic apostrophe in 8-bit encodings, This is standard even though the possessive word, As a comment character in MS BASIC, the apostrophe is in most cases an abbreviation of the REM statement, which can be appended to the end of almost any line with a colon (:). So an apostrophe followed by s was often used to mark a plural, especially when the noun was a loan word (and especially a word ending in a, as in the two comma's). Practice Exercises: "[95] In his book American Speech, linguist Steven Byington stated of the apostrophe that "the language would be none the worse for its abolition". To denote a Hebrew letter which stands for itself (e.g., Another (rarer) use of geresh is to denote the last syllable (which in some cases, but not all, is a, In Italian, an apostrophe is sometimes used as a substitute for a, In some systems of romanization for the Japanese, the apostrophe is used between, In science fiction and fantasy, the apostrophe is often used in fictional names, sometimes to indicate a, This page was last edited on 8 February 2021, at 16:39. The best ACT study guides for ACT students. (For example, in the USA and UK, the notation 5′ 7″ signifies 5 feet and 7 inches}. Modern French orthography has restored the spelling une heure. View ACT Prep 1 - Apostrophes.pdf from ENG 1123 at Brandon High School. 's railway station"; "Awaye! In the UK there is a tendency to drop apostrophes in many commonly used names such as St Annes, St Johns Lane,[86] and so on. Style guides typically advise consulting an official source for the standard form of the name (as one would do if uncertain about other aspects of the spelling of the name); some tend towards greater prescriptiveness, for or against such an apostrophe. Its use for indicating plural "possessive" forms was not standard before the middle of the 19th century. it designates the combined set of Jack's children and Jill's children. It is not defined in HTML 4[117] despite all the other predefined character entities from XML being defined. class and grass). The range for scoring on the PERT is 50 - 150. The issue of the use of the apostrophe arises when the coordinate construction includes a noun (phrase) and a pronoun. For example, the French word pin's (from English pin) is used (with the apostrophe in both singular and plural) for collectible lapel pins. The argument is a case of fooling oneself with one's own terminology. The same convention was adopted for double quotation marks ("). In Unicode and ASCII it is encoded at U+005C \ REVERSE SOLIDUS (92 decimal Practice: Apostrophes and plurals. Possession definition, the act or fact of possessing. Naming your newborn child – or changing your own name – is an important and exciting event. You may assume you know the rules, but the ACT tests these concepts in its own weird way. Ctrl+⇧ Shift+U2019↵ Enter[116]. By the 18th century, apostrophe + s was regularly used for all possessive singular forms, even when the letter e was not omitted (as in the gate's height). This often produces so-called "Dunglish" errors when carried over into English. You can search this public register of LBPs to: find an LBP; check that a person is licensed; view an LBP’s licence history (see more about suspension types here); find out if an LBP has been disciplined in the last 3 years. It is sometimes used when the normal form of an inflection seems awkward or unnatural; for example. Includes full solutions and score reporting. It was introduced into English in the 16th century in imitation of French practice. He did, however, allow I'm and it's. Until the 18th century, the apostrophe was extensively used to indicate plural forms. ACT Grammar Practice – Answers to Exercise 2. 2) The sentence does not need a comma. ... Apostrophe errors practice test. Compose'> or One of the stumbling blocks when trying to study poetry is that it seems like a different world. Now there is so much punctuation on the ACT English test, so we want to make sure that we are very prepared for every category of punctuation. See more. Free practice questions for ACT English - Apostrophe Errors. In English, it is used for three purposes:[1], The word apostrophe comes ultimately from Greek ἡ ἀπόστροφος [προσῳδία] (hē apóstrophos [prosōidía], '[the accent of] turning away or elision'), through Latin and French. If the word or compound includes, or even ends with, a punctuation mark, an apostrophe and an s are still added in the usual way: "Westward Ho! First grade students learn that a verb and the word “not” can be put together to make a new word called a contraction, in which an apostrophe takes the place of the letter “o” in “not”. Modern usage has been influenced by considerations of technological convenience including the economy of typewriter ribbons and films, and similar computer character "disallowance" which tend to ignore past standards. Possessive personal pronouns, serving as either noun-equivalents or adjective-equivalents, do not use an apostrophe, even when they end in, Other pronouns, singular nouns not ending in, Acronyms and initialisms used as nouns (CD, DVD, NATO, RADAR, etc.) In his book Troublesome Words, author Bill Bryson lambastes Tesco for this, stating that "the mistake is inexcusable, and those who make it are linguistic Neanderthals. To make typographic apostrophes easier to enter, word processing and publishing software often convert typewriter apostrophes to typographic apostrophes during text entry (at the same time converting opening and closing single and double quotes to their standard left-handed or right-handed forms). While the Reading section evaluates reading prowess and comprehension, the English section places emphasis on these three competencies and you will be given a subscore in each. Many respected authorities recommend that practically all singular nouns, including those ending with a sibilant sound, have possessive forms with an extra s after the apostrophe so that the spelling reflects the underlying pronunciation. 5 ACT English Practice Tests pdf download; 4 ACT Reading Practice Tests pdf download; ACT Math: Midpoint and Distance Practice Test Download; ACT Colons, Semicolons, and Dashes Rules and Practice Test download; ACT Apostrophe Rules and Practice Test download; ACT Comma Rules and Practice Test download; More Information All ACT Practice Tests There are many popular contractions that can be studied by students using our contraction games for kids and practice activities for the classroom! Names that are not strictly native to English sometimes have an apostrophe substituted to represent other characters (see also As a mark of elision, below). Punctuating a list. In Microsoft Word for Windows, holding down the Control key while typing two apostrophes will produce a single typographic apostrophe. Names based on a first name are more likely to take an apostrophe, but this is not always the case. Unicode defines three apostrophe characters:[110]. Signs in Tesco advertise (among other items) "mens magazines", "girls toys", "kids books" and "womens shoes". [15][16] The inflection of both is normally preferred (e.g. Three ways to end a sentence. and a Japanese dance group called Super Monkey's. This lesson is all about apostrophes. While Newcastle United play football at a stadium called St James' Park, and Exeter City at St James Park, London has a St James's Park (this whole area of London is named after the parish of St James's Church, Piccadilly[48]). [89], The Geographical Names Board of New South Wales, Australia, excludes possessive apostrophes from place names, along with other punctuation.[90]. For instance, the HTML5 standard specifies that this value is interpreted as this character from CP1252. I. APOSTROPHES Apostrophes make nouns possessive For singular nouns, always add apostrophe + -s The boy's ball = The ball belonging to the boy The dress's buttons = The buttons on the dress For plural nouns, always add -s + apostrophe (or -es + apostrophe if the singular version ends in -s) The boys' ball = The ball belonging to the boys Similarly, there is an Andorran football club called FC Rànger's (after such British clubs as Rangers F.C.) In the HTML entity ’ the rsquo is short for right single quotation mark. Due to "smart quotes" in Microsoft software converting the ASCII apostrophe to this value, other software makers have been effectively forced to adopt this as a de facto convention. Truss says this usage is no longer considered proper in formal writing. There are a number of methods to use the software to examine your work, and you don’t require any technical knowledge to do it. "his and her children"). [note 3] A third alternative is a construction of the form "Jack's children and Jill's", which is always distributive, i.e. [22][note 6]. For more details on practice with geographic names, see the relevant section below. The cases where the apostrophe is not an abbreviation for, CMOS, 7.25: "If plural compounds pose problems, opt for. [80] They are sometimes humorously called greengrocers apostrophe's, rogue apostrophes, or idiot's apostrophes (a literal translation of the German word Deppenapostroph, which criticises the misapplication of apostrophes in Denglisch). This is a list of every single ACT grammar rule you need to know, with practice examples showing how the ACT will test you. In transliterated foreign words, an apostrophe may be used to separate letters or syllables that otherwise would likely be interpreted incorrectly. English spelling retained many inflections that were not pronounced as syllables, notably verb endings (-est, -eth, -es, -ed) and the noun ending -es, which marked either plurals or possessives (also known as genitives; see Possessive apostrophe, below). An apostrophe is commonly used to indicate omitted characters, normally letters: The apostrophe may be used for clarity with the plurals of single letters as in, Use of the apostrophe may be recommended only for lowercase letters. ' is officially supported in HTML since HTML 5. For possessive plurals of words ending in a silent x, z or s, the few authorities that address the issue at all typically call for an added s and suggest that the apostrophe precede the s: The Loucheux's homeland is in the Yukon; Compare the two Dumas's literary achievements. XML (and hence XHTML) defines an ' character entity reference for the ASCII typewriter apostrophe. Apostrophes and plurals. If the word or compound already includes a possessive apostrophe, a double possessive results: Similarly, the possessives of all phrases whose wording is fixed are formed in the same way: Those things over there are my husband's. Meet the Comma. [81], UK Prime Minister Boris Johnson's letter to EU President Donald Tusk of 19 October 2019 regarding a Brexit extension contained a well-publicised and ridiculed[82] grocer's apostrophe. Some have argued that its use in mass communication by employees of well-known companies has led to the less literate assuming it to be standard and adopting the habit themselves.[84]. UK supermarket chain Tesco omits the mark where standard practice would require it. Khan Academy is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization. The backslash \ is a typographical mark used mainly in computing and is the mirror image of the common slash /.It is sometimes called a hack, whack, escape (from C/UNIX), reverse slash, slosh, downwhack, backslant, backwhack, bash, reverse slant, and reversed virgule. [45], Australia's Intergovernmental Committee on Surveying and Mapping also has a no-apostrophe policy, a practice it says goes back to the 1900s[46] and which is generally followed around the country.[47]. 's Paulette Whitten recorded Bob Wilson's story";[20] Washington, D.C.'s museums[21] (assuming that the prevailing style requires full stops in D.C.). Apostrophes on the ACT can be really tricky. The possessive of it was originally it's, and it is a common mistake today to write it this way, though the apostrophe was dropped by the early 1800s and authorities are now unanimous that it's can be only a contraction of it is or it has. [61] On the other hand, some style manuals and critics suggest that apostrophes should never be used for plurals, even for lower case letters. The opening single quotation mark ‘, incorrect in this context, is also sometimes seen due to software that converts typewriter apostrophes into curly opening single quotes at the beginning of a line or when preceded by a space. Such conversion is not always correct. Apostrophes to omit letters in place names are common on British road signs when space does not allow for the full name – for example, For groups of years, most style guides prefer, Several guides discourage using an apostrophe in forming the plural of numbers, for example. [44] On the state level, the federal policy is not always followed: Vermont's official state website has a page on Camel's Hump State Forest. Over the years, the use of apostrophes has been criticised. )", Unicode input#In X11 (Linux and other Unix variants), The Dreaded Apostrophe: An approach using a single rule only, A humorous guide to proper and improper usage of the apostrophe, Humble apostrophe reprieved in council U-turn |The Times, The Ultimate Flowchart to Using Apostrophes (Infographic), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apostrophe&oldid=1005618373, Articles containing Spanish-language text, Articles with dead external links from May 2012, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Articles containing Old English (ca. The C programming language (and many derived languages like C++, Java, C#, and Scala) uses apostrophes to delimit a character literal.

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